Eyejot Introduction

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#16 Context of Work Pros and Cons

1)      Describe the vocational activities and related skills that can be aided by assistive technologies

It is when you have a good understanding  of the referral and intake procedures of vocational rehabilitation agencies. The individuals must understand the counselors role and must be available to the counselor, They must agree on all course of actions. The only bad part is what if the individual does not have any goals.

2)      Describe the influence of the physical, social, cultural, and institutional contexts on the use of assistive technologies in the workplace

The communication process, focusing on the workplace, the use outside of the office, given and receiving information whether it is oral and written and having access to all information in the workplace. The bad part would be discrimination

3)      Understand the role of the assistive technology practitioner in addressing the vocational goals of the person with a disability

To make sure the individual has a goal and be successful with completing it (motivation) and the bad part would be preventing others from achieving their goals

4)      Understand the unique attributes of the assessment and implementation of assistive technologies in the vocational setting

Completing all technology assessments and be accepting to the employer. They should be considerate and always plan a goal because training is very important

5)      List the major assistive technologies that are used in vocational setting

They are physical, social, institutional and cultural context. Sensory and motor skills are also important.

6)      Describe strategies for implementing assistive technologies in the workplace

The trial period will see if the individual is successful. Training is very important and will help the individual achieve all goals that is planned.

7)      Identify outcome measures that are useful to evaluate the outcome of assistive technology intervention in the workplace

They should seek answers to accommodation questions and multidisciplinary effort and collaboration. Postural support and a range of workplace accommodations are needed.

# 16 Questions

Question #  What skills are required to ensure success in reading?

 

Answer in your own words: Motor skills (positioning and handling materials) and Sensory abilities

 

Question # What is meant by reasonable accommodation in the workplace?

 

Answer in your own words: It is when people make sure all work places where individuals with disabilities can work and be safe and comfortable

 

 

Question # Who might be part of a team involved in job accommodation?

 

 

Answer in your own words:  A certified counselor, vocational rehabilitation agencies

 

 

Question # What is the role of the vocational rehabilitation counselor?

 

Answer in your own words: To help people identify their goals and develop a plan for it to be successful

 

 

Question # What tasks are important in communication related work activities?

 

Answer in your own words: Writing, Reading and Conversation

Context of Work #16 Glossary of Terms

Bidding Process – who is the cheapest company to get items from (vendors)

Essential Functions – job duties that are very important (complete all)

Individual Plan for Employment – a plan set up for people to get a job

Qualified Individual With a Disability – a person that has skills; education needed for a job with or without reasonable accommodation ( must have expierences)

Reasonable Accommodation – qualified people trying to do a task

Undue Hardship – situation that requires difficulties or expenses (resources)

Vocational Rehabilitation Agencies – places that are funded by the state or federal that provides training to individuals (plan)

Vocational Rehabilitation Counselor – a certified individual that helps achieve goals (training, jobs, schooling)

 

Context in the Classroom# 15 Pros and Cons

1)      Describe the context in which assistive technologies are applied in education

It is implied with both social, institutional, physical and cultural context. It is designed to help children with disabilities so that they can meet all their needs. It is also designed for students to be included in the regular classroom setting. They have resource specialist that provides them with support . The only bad part is that sometimes a resource specialist is not available.  

2)      List the major assistive technologies that are used in educational settings

There are some major assistive technologies that are used in the classroom setting. Reading requires motor, sensory and cognitive skills. Cognitive tasks are associated with literacy. The conversion between print and electronic forms and between visual, audible and tactile formats can be aided by assistive technologies. Writing also requires motor, sensory  and cognitive skills; motor skills are associated with reading and positioning materials. Sensory skills are primarily used for what is being written.

3)      Describe how assistive technologies are used in the classroom to facilitate learning

There are no specific formula for the development of learning. Most strategies are based on observation, expierences and consultation with other team members. One approach is a technology integration plan, which aids a student to make a daily schedule plan and be successful with it.

4)      List the major technological approaches used to assist individuals who have learning disabilities

The Individual Education Plan (IEP); Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA); Resource Specialist; Learning Styles; Technology Integration Plan; Electronic Aides to Daily Living (EADL).

5)      Describe how soft technologies are used in education to enhance the use of hard technologies

It is done by training and strategies. It helps meet the needs of students, parents and all family members. The most important factor is how the technology is used to help all goals.

Context in the Classroom# 15 Questions

Question #  List the components that make up a student workstation?

 

Answer in your own words: Productive software, programs for skill acquisition for specific activities and oral communications

 

Question # What social factors may affect the use of assistive technology in the classroom?

 

Answer in your own words: Access barriers and the use of environmental adaptions

 

 

Question #  What cultural factors may affect the use of assistive technology in the classroom?

 

 

Answer in your own words: Identification of learners, natural abilities, knowledge skills and capability assessments

 

 

Question #  How does learning styles affect the success of assistive technologies in the classroom?

 

Answer in your own words: Organization in the classroom settings, talking with peers

 

 

Question #  List four factors that affect the physical context for the learner?

 

Answer in your own words: How can the student learn, who can assist in the learning process, what information or technology is needed and how can the student participate.

 

Context in the Classroom# 15 Glossary of Terms

Academic Participation – occurs at four different levels (school environment)

Functional Equivalency- doing multiple things at a time

Inclusion – students with disabilities learn in the regular classroom setting

Individual Education Plan (IEP) – Individualized Education Plan program that will assist disabled children with learning

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) –defines all types of assistive technology services

Learner-Teacher Interactions – the way teachers present information to the students

Learning Styles – small group learning (oral communication)

Manipulative – math abilities dealing with sorting (counting)

Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) – a file that stores music as learning (piano)

Peer Training – introduces new technology such as answering questions

Resource specialist – person who assist children in learning in a classroom setting (certified special education teacher)

Scribing – help that is given by a human aide with math or writing (the answer is 5)

Social Participation – assist children with interacting in a regular social environment

Student Workstation – help with assisting children with writing and conversation (talking)

Technology Integration Plan – developing a daily schedule for students (chores)

Aid Manipulation and Control of the Environment#14 Questions

Question #

What are the two major approaches used in electrically powered feeders?

Answer in your own words:

Self care – dressing; work or school – computers, pen/pencils; and play- cameras

Question #

What, if any, are the advantages of using the term electronic aids to daily living rather than environmental control units?

Answer in your own words:

It help the learning process, how to manage day to day

 

Question #

What are the functions provided by electrically powered page turners?

 

Answer in your own words:

It allows the separation from page to page and going to a specified page

 

Question #

What are the primary types of work or school adaptations provided by low tech manipulation aids?

Answer in your own words:

It assists with reading and writing; modifies gripping objects and helps reduce problems that occur with tremor

 

Question #

What are the functions provided by electrically powered feeders?

Answer in your own words:

Using mouthsticks, help with the reading process and control tape recorder

 

#14 Glossary of Terms

Alternative  - (change) a different method of doing things

Augmentative – (getting help) assistance with doing things

Desktop Robots – (learning) help with computers

Electrically Powered Feeders – guides information into a device

Electrically Powered Page Turners – (back and forth)scanning

Electronic Aid to Daily Living – (powered devices) helps individuals live independently

Environmental Control Units –(computer disk) people with physical limitations that can control things

General-Purpose Manipulation Devices – (fork,handle) serves two or more task

Head Pointers – (ball point pen) activate control interfaces

Infrared Transmission – (home electronics) used for binary control

Mobile Assistive Robots -  requires the user to use steering for signals

Mouthsticks – (turn pages) control enhancer to help assist

Programmable Controllers – based on controller codes

Radio Frequency Transmission – used as the link between the control interface and processor

Reachers – (pointers) grasps objects

Remote Control – a physical attachment to help obtain information

Robotic Systems – assist with manipulation for persons with a disability

Special-Purpose Manipulation Devices – designed to do one task

Telephone Controllers give access to people with disabilities communicate

Trainable Controllers – devices that operate by storing control codes

Ultrasonic Transmission – (handheld) device that consists of a transmitter unit

Universal Remote – has the ability to control all devices

Ch.13 Questions

Question #

What are primary and secondary vehicle controls?

Answer in your own words:

Primary would be used to stop, go, and steer and secondary would be safety overall

Question #

How are secondary driving controls used?

Answer in your own words:

They would be turn signals, lights, horns, ignition, windshield wipers and parking brakes

 

Question #

Define a wheelchair tie down and occupant restraint system?

 

Answer in your own words:

Wheelchair tie down is to secure only the wheelchair and occupant restraint systems secure the individual in the chair

 

Question #

What on road components are recommended for inclusion in a driver evaluation?

Answer in your own words:

Many driving maneuvers such as stopping at lights, making right and left turns and using turn signals

 

Question #

Name the standards that set the criteria for crash testing and labeling wheelchairs and seating systems?

Answer in your own words:

It limits the head, pelvis, and uses the angle of the child or adult.

Ch.13 Glossary of Terms

Booster Seat – a seat for children over 2 so a seatbelt can secure their safety

Child Vehicle Restraint System –  a seat design to save children who are 40 lbs or less in a vehicle

Crashworthiness – performance of a chair to see if a car is designed to take a crash

Driving Evaluation (drivers license) an assessment test that is administered by a certified person  to make sure their driving is good

Forward-Facing Child Seat – (long term seating) chairs that are design to help secure the safety of children 40 lbs and over 

Large Accessible Transit Vehicles – public transport people to places (MAT)

Original Equipment Manufacturer – produces and markets the original format

Primary Driving Controls – helps the person stop,go, turn(breaks or accelerator)
Rear-Facing Infant Seat – seats to secure the safety of children from birth to 1 yrs old or less than 22 lbs

Secondary Driving Controls – good driving systems for safety (turn signals)

Universal Docking Interface Geometry – serial bus standards (PDA’s)

Vehicle Seat Belt Assembly – seat belt that comes along with the car to secure safety(manufactured)

Wheelchair Tie-Down and Occupant Restraint System – a system that supports the safety of a person in a wheelchair

Wheelchair Tie-Down System – a strap that secures the wheelchair

Ch.12 Pros and Cons

1)    Discuss needs underlying evaluation of the consumer for a mobility system

The first thing is the consumer profile which includes the disability, date of onset, prognosis, size and weight. The consumer needs would be the activities, context of use, preferences, transportation, reliability, durability and cost. The physical and sensory skills are the range of motion, motor control, strength, vision and perception. Functional  skills transfers the ability to propel.

2)    Describe the three categories of mobility systems on the basis of the need serve by each

 

3)    Describe the two primary structures of wheelchairs

4)    Identify the major characteristics of manual wheelchairs

5)    Identifying the major types of power mobility systems and their characteristics

6)    Understand the influence of the relationship between the center of gravity of the user and the center of mass of the wheelchair on the function of the wheelchair

7)      Describe the implementation phase for personal mobility systems

 

Ch.12 Questions

Question #

What are the ways in which pediatric wheelchairs can accommodate growth?

Answer in your own words:

They are reverse configuration, independence locomotion and help design support structure

Question #

What types of control interfaces are typically used for powered wheelchairs?

Answer in your own words:

Proportional and non proportional control

 

Question #

On the basis of consumer needs, what are the three categories of mobility bases?

 

 

Answer in your own words:

Physical context; social and institutional context

 

Question #

In what situations may powered mobility be considered?

Answer in your own words:

The disorder of the person, how will it help the individual and the personal mobility

 

Question#

Define camber and describe indications for its use and how it affects the function of a manual wheelchair?

Answer in your own words:

The degree to which the wheel is mounted defines camber.  It increases the overall width and lower the rear seats to floor height.

Ch.12 Glossary of Terms

Anti-Tip Devices – small wheels that are mounted on wheelchairs which are attached to a rod

Armrests (cushion) help support the arm

Bariatric Chairs – assists overweight people with disabilities

Bariatrics – medicine that is provided to help overweight people

Camber setting the wheels on a chair at an angle

Center of Gravity when the body accelerates and the gravity is unknown

Center of Mass – when the center of an object is at gravity

Dependent Mobility System – (stroller) object that is used by a person to help assist them in walking

Electrically Powered Wheelchair(recline) supports your feet on a wheeled mobility base

Front Rigging – (leg rest) help support the upper legs

Independent Manual Mobility System – (standard wheelchair) a chair where the person has the ability to use a device by body power

Independent Powered Mobility –electronic wheelchair used by a motor

Lightweight Wheelchair – weighs only a little but has high power

Low-Shear System – where the back of the chair reduces movement

Manual Wheelchair – people used them by rolling the wheels

Non proportional Control – goes by speed

Proportional Control – when their has a joystick that helps guide them

Push Handles – the individual takes control and make the chair go

Recline – it is when a individual make the chair comfortable to their liking

Rigid Ultra-lightweight Wheelchair – quick wheels and the back reclines

Scooter – power wheelchair that has 3 to 4 wheels used at malls or stores

Shear –(hip movement) movement that happens with the head and the femur

Smart Wheelchair – moved by a computer (mobile robot)

Standard Wheelchair – can move while in standing position

Standing Wheelchair – helps support the individual

Supporting Structure – the frame of the chair and all its parts

Tilt – when the chair can go into any position

Transitional Mobility Device – powered device to help kids with independent locomotion

Ultra-lightweight Wheelchair – chair with a low to floor seating

Wheel Lock (brakes) prevents the wheelchair from moving

Ch.11 Pros and Cons

1)    Describe the different communicative needs of person with disabilities

There are great advantages to help people with disabilities communicate. Augmentative and alternative (AAC) communication are some ways. These types of communication devices are designed to help disabled with severe speech and language impairments to help meet their complex communication needs. The program is dynamic and include not only the individual with the disability but also his or her primary communication partners. They have so many tools that will assist them.

2)    Discuss the basic approaches to meeting these differing needs

Speech generating devices which produce digitally recorded or synthesized speech output. Approaches to AAC interventions differ depending on the severity of the speech disability. The disadvantage is that it doesn’t help with the conventional method.

3)    Recognize the needs that individuals have for conversation and for graphical output such as writing, mathematics and drawing

They would be emergent communicators which have no reliable method of symbolic expression, and are restricted to communicate with the here and now method. The context dependant communicator have reliable symbolic communication but are limited to specific context because they are either only intelligible to familiar partners, have insufficient vocabulary , or both. Independent communicators are able to communicate with unfamiliar and familiar partners.

4)    Describe the major characteristics of alternative and augmentative communication devices

Unaided communication or body based modes describe communication behaviors that require only the persons own body such as pointing and other gestures and facial expressions.

5)    Describe current approaches to speech output in assistive technologies

 

6)    List and describe the major approaches to rate enhancement and vocabulary expansion

7)    Describe the major assessment questions that must be asked and answered in determining the most appropriate augmentative and alternative communication device for an individual user

8)    Discuss the major goals for and the significance of training in augmentative and alternative communication device use and communicative competence

9)    Delineate the steps and procedures involved in implementing an augmentative and alternative communication device use

Augmentative and Alternative Communication Questions

Question #

Distinguish between aided and unaided communications?

Answer in your own words:

Unaided describes communication behaviors that require a person own body (pointing) Aided communications includes pens and pencils, a letter or picture communication board (electronic or nonelectronic)

Question#

What factors influence the attitudes of children toward their peers who use AAC?

Answer in your own words:

Girls are more positive, sometimes it is only visual and some individuals can be influenced by their familiarity with children.

 

Question #

List three encoding methods used in AAC devices and give an advantage  and a disadvantage of each.

 

Answer in your own words:

Control Interface – dual switches; instant phases – come here, please ; and minispeak – word strategy used by symbols.

 

Question #

What are the dynamic displays and what advantage do they provide?

Answer in your own words:

It provides greater flexibility in selection sets by changing the set displayed when a choice is being made.

 

Question #

What are visual scene displays and what unique features do they have?

Answer in your own words:

They create displays that capture events in a person’s life on screen.

Augmentative and Alternative Communication Glossary of Terms

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis – (M.S.) progressive language disorder

Aphasia – (slurred speech) language disorder caused by brain injury

Apraxia- ( in ability to write) no motor movement

Augmentative and Alternative Communication – (written language) assist people who have severe speech problems

Autism Spectrum Disorder – (social interaction) intellectual disabilities

Complex Communication Needs- (gestures) electronic generating devices

Context-Dependent Communicators- (family patterns) reliable symbolic communication

Dynamic Communication Displays – (choices) changing the selection set that is displayed

Dysarthria – (lack of coordination) no motor speech control

Emergent Communicators – no symbolic expression

Icon Prediction-

Independent Communicators – devices that helps with language

Language – set of rules symbolized by arbitrary symbols (communication and understanding)

Selection Set – oral expression of language (literacy skills)

Speech- (conversation) language development

Speech-Generating Devices – makes digitally recorded speech (developing communication skills)

Traditional Orthography -

Visual Scene Displays – use of personalized pictures on display

Ch. 10 Questions

Question #  15 -

Describe the general characteristics of memory aids?

Answer in your own words:

It would be recording; word completion; prediction, and information retrieval.

Question #

What are the most commonly used alternatives to printed text output?

Answer in your own words:

Text to speech screen and tape measure is really the same thing. An example  of speech output would be used talking calculators.

 

Question #

Why is ADHD not considered a LD.

 

Answer in your own words:

ADHD is when a person attention span is short and they are very easily distracted and a learning disability would be classified as when people can not comprehend information.

 

Question #

What interventions are commonly applied to the treatments of LD?

Answer in your own words:

Using spell check after completing assignments; word prediction are just a few ways to make sure the information is correct.

 

Question #

List the major characteristics of dementia that may be aided by cognitive technologies?

Answer in your own words:

The main symptoms would be day to day functioning, impairment of multiple areas of cognition  and normal levels of conscious.

Ch. 10 Pros and Cons

1)    Apply the human activity assistive technology model to help identify appropriate assistive technologies for individuals with cognitive disabilities

There are so many pros to this approach because it solve situations that deals with memory, attention, information processing and problem solving. Perception is the most important factor because it involves how our sensory systems identify what is in the outside world.

2)    Identify cognitive skills that underlie functional performance for persons with cognitive disabilities

They would be identified as perception, attention, memory, orientation, knowledge of presentation,  problem solving and language. All of these skills are very important because it aides the person to help function day to day.

3)    Understand what cognitive faculties are commonly compromised in specific disorders

     Because each person is different the severity of the injury is different. Some people faces severe visual neglect, apraxia, language problems, perceptual deficits, attention disorders and memory problems. Some people have mild cognitive disorders and then some can be very severe.  If there is a gap between the skills required to complete a task and the skills that the individual need.         

4)    Understand the role of assistive technologies in aiding cognitive function

Time management plays a huge role in the understanding process. Some devices are identified to make sure the individual has met all needs.

5)    Identify and describe some of the assistive technologies that are currently available to assist individuals with cognitive impairments

You have cognitive prosthesis which is  an entire system of hardware or software   and personal assistance that is individualized to meet specific needs. Quality , casual patterns, space, quality and time is very important.

Ch.10 Glossary of Terms

Alternative Input – (voice recognition) get information  into input for devices

Alternative Output – (Braille) helping individuals who are blind given the ability to read information

Attention – (pay attention) the ability to focus

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder – (easily distracted) a cognitive disease that occurs at birth

Cerebral Vascular Accident – (M.S.) acquired at birth that occurs with the cognitive areas

Cognitive Prosthesis – program that assist individuals with specific needs

Dementia ((losing memory) it happens in stages where an individual loses their memory

Developmental Disabilities – (perceptions) disability that involves all parts of the nervous system

Encoding – (memory) storage of information

Generalization – (reasoning) carry of knowledge or skills

Information Processing – (regaining information) compensatory device

Intellectual Disabilities – (the ability not to remember) can not remember things that are necessary such as bathing

Media Presentation – (projector) the way information is presented on a screen

Memory – can be short or long term depending on the disability of the person

Mild Cognitive Disabilities – a physical disability that handicaps an individual short term (stroke)

Problem Solving – where an individual suppose to overcome situations

Prompting –(visual) devices that gives information to read or sing

Smart House –automatically gives feedback to different areas

Stimuli Control – technology that addresses information by limitation (cut on lights)

Tracking and Identification – provides extra safety (GPS)

Traumatic Brain Injury – occurs from a head injury (gunshot wound to the head)

Vigilance – (searching) showing a lot of information over a long period of time

Ch. 9 Pros and Cons

1)    Fundamental Approaches to Auditory Sensory Aid

       Augmentation of an existing pathway and use of an alternative pathway are the two approaches to help assist with auditory sensory aid. The most common pathway available to a deaf person is manual sign language. Auditory information is a sequence of sounds that must be translated into tactile information. The auditory system has a broader bandwidth which means more information can be handled  in a given amount of time.

2)    Aids For Persons With Auditory Impairments

 

Hearing aids are often conceived of as simple devices that amplify sound, primarily speech. There are four types of hearing aids which are behind the ear, in the ear, in the canal and completely in the canal. The behind the ear is the most common type of hearing aid preferred because it contains all components that is needed to amplify sound. Fundamental Approaches to Auditory Sensory Aid

Ch.8 Pros and Cons

1)    Fundamental Approaches to Sensory Aids

There are so many positive things about the fundamental approaches to sensory aids such as they are designed to help magnify impairments. The sensory data detects that the human brain cannot obtain through its own sensory system. The con thing about it is that when it is impaired there will be no useful input of information. Visual information is spatially organized.

2)    Principles of Computer Adaptations for Visual Impairments

Computers that are built into assistive devices with displays display terminals which assist visual impaired individuals. Standard visual computer outputs are not suitable for use by persons who have vision impairments.

3)    Reading Aids for Persons with Visual Impairments

The major issues faced by individuals with visual impairments are access to printed reading materials, orientation and mobility and access to computers including the internet. There are numerous ways to help assist visual impaired individuals: magnification aids, optical aids, nonoptical aids,and electronic aids. With optical aids they are for people who have low vision whereas nonoptical helps enlarge print and electronic aids enhances vision.

4)    Visual Access To the Internet

People who have learning disabilities and dyslexia find it very hard to access complicated Web sites. User Agent is known as software to access Web information . There are two useful sources of information which is useful to assist individuals with disabilities the W3C Web Accessibility Initiative and the Trace Center.

 

5)    Mobility and Orientation Aids For Persons with Visual Impairments

Mobility presents notable problems with visual impairments, and the blind traveler uses many methods to help him or herself stay safe through the environment. A blind person can pick up on smell and other cues to help them. Temperature changes are very important.

6)    Special- Purpose Visual Aids

There are three types of special purpose visual aids devices for self care. This aid is used for household task and voice output would be a great example. Devices for work and school which accesses help with reading, mobility and computers, to be used for how they were designed vision is required and last but not least would be devices for leisure and play.