Ch. 9 Pros and Cons

1)    Fundamental Approaches to Auditory Sensory Aid

       Augmentation of an existing pathway and use of an alternative pathway are the two approaches to help assist with auditory sensory aid. The most common pathway available to a deaf person is manual sign language. Auditory information is a sequence of sounds that must be translated into tactile information. The auditory system has a broader bandwidth which means more information can be handled  in a given amount of time.

2)    Aids For Persons With Auditory Impairments

 

Hearing aids are often conceived of as simple devices that amplify sound, primarily speech. There are four types of hearing aids which are behind the ear, in the ear, in the canal and completely in the canal. The behind the ear is the most common type of hearing aid preferred because it contains all components that is needed to amplify sound. Fundamental Approaches to Auditory Sensory Aid

Ch.8 Pros and Cons

1)    Fundamental Approaches to Sensory Aids

There are so many positive things about the fundamental approaches to sensory aids such as they are designed to help magnify impairments. The sensory data detects that the human brain cannot obtain through its own sensory system. The con thing about it is that when it is impaired there will be no useful input of information. Visual information is spatially organized.

2)    Principles of Computer Adaptations for Visual Impairments

Computers that are built into assistive devices with displays display terminals which assist visual impaired individuals. Standard visual computer outputs are not suitable for use by persons who have vision impairments.

3)    Reading Aids for Persons with Visual Impairments

The major issues faced by individuals with visual impairments are access to printed reading materials, orientation and mobility and access to computers including the internet. There are numerous ways to help assist visual impaired individuals: magnification aids, optical aids, nonoptical aids,and electronic aids. With optical aids they are for people who have low vision whereas nonoptical helps enlarge print and electronic aids enhances vision.

4)    Visual Access To the Internet

People who have learning disabilities and dyslexia find it very hard to access complicated Web sites. User Agent is known as software to access Web information . There are two useful sources of information which is useful to assist individuals with disabilities the W3C Web Accessibility Initiative and the Trace Center.

 

5)    Mobility and Orientation Aids For Persons with Visual Impairments

Mobility presents notable problems with visual impairments, and the blind traveler uses many methods to help him or herself stay safe through the environment. A blind person can pick up on smell and other cues to help them. Temperature changes are very important.

6)    Special- Purpose Visual Aids

There are three types of special purpose visual aids devices for self care. This aid is used for household task and voice output would be a great example. Devices for work and school which accesses help with reading, mobility and computers, to be used for how they were designed vision is required and last but not least would be devices for leisure and play.

Ch. 7 Pros and Cons

1)   Elements of the Human/Technology Interface

There are three elements that make this successful. Control Interface is what operates the device. It can either be discrete or contininous. Selection set is characterized by size and modality. It can be represented by symbols that are used to represent ideas, computer icons, lines drawings or pictures.   

2)   Characteristics of Control Interfaces

The placement and size of the control interface, how it is activated and what the feedback is. There are so many positive things about the characteristics; it helps with movement which can generate a force, external to the body. It helps with the muscles.

3)   Selecting Control Interfaces for the User

It interfaces with either direct selection or indirect selection. This is suitable to help assist individuals with gross motor control.

4)   Control Interfaces for Direct Selection

Control Interfaces typically have greater numbers of targets and require more refined resolution skills.

5)   Control Interfaces for Indirect Selection

Control Interfaces have eight or fewer targets and are more suitable to assist individuals with their gross motor skills.

6)   Internet Use By Persons with Physical Disabilities

Persons who have physical disabilities only require access to a computer. A negative insight would be regarding to Internet access is that it could reduce interpersonal contact and isolate people with disabilities from social interaction.

7)   Other Considerations in Control Interface Selection

Long standing rehab is a positive thing for individuals with disabilities. It assists with speed, accuracy, ease, use and performance. In some case the individual can only have only one body site.

8)   Development of Motor Skills for Use of Control Interfaces

The individual can broaden his or her repertoire of motor capabilities and the number and type of inputs that can be assessed and the individual who lacks the motor skill to use interface functionally can develop these skills. Having access to a device to participate in a motor training program.

9)   Output Component of the Human Technology Interface

This part is dealing with speech which is the most important part of the body. Digital recording stores human speech in electronic memory circuits so that it can retrieved later.. Speech synthesis generates speech electronically instead of storing the entire signal. Text to speech programs convert text characters into codes that is translated into speech.

Ch. 6 Pros and Cons

1)    Needs Served By Seating Evaluation for Seating

Some pros are seating for postural control, seating for tissue integrity and seating for comfort. Their impaired motor control affects their ability to participate in activities of daily living. A bad thing is that individuals lose motor control as a disease progresses. It helps individuals with seating who are usually for people who have abnormal muscle tone, muscle weakness, primitive reflexes, or uncoordinated movements that impair their ability to maintain an upright posture in a wheelchair.

 

2)    Biomechanical Principles

Biomechanics is the study of body position and movement. There are so many positive outlooks on biomechanics which helps aid individuals with disabilities. Kinematics which is the study of motion describes the movement. Displacement is defined as the position of a body in space. Force is a plus in biomechanics and seating, it is anything that acts on a body to change its rate of speed. I guess the only negative thing would be stress.

 

3)    Principles of Seating For Postural Control

It is caused by children and adults who have irregular tone, muscle weakness, abnormal reflex patterns, shortening of a muscle group that will help control their posture and prevent deformities. Sometimes it only require minimal support whereas other individuals may have severe impairment and require extensive postural support. Some positive things would be it provides support to the body to improve skeletal alignment, normalize tone, prevent deformities and enhance movements.

 

4)    Principles of  Seating For Tissue Integrity

This has a lot do with pressure management. It is to manage sitting pressure and maintain the skin in a healthy condition so that lesions will not occur. The negative thins it can cause lesions which are very painful known as pressure ulcers. It can result in damage to underlying tissue.

 

 

5)    Principles of Seating for Comfort Technologies for  Seating and Positioning Management

The people who can benefit from this are wheelchair users who have sitting discomfort and pain, the elderly and individuals with low back pain. One con about this is that it is not funded by third party sources because they don’t believe it is a necessity.

 

6)    Properties of Materials Used To Construct Seating Systems

There are five principles that defines on how to construct a seating system which are density, stiffness, resilience, dampening and envelopment. Density is the ratio of its weight to volume. Low density materials will fatigue faster. With stiffness soft materials may bottom out, but failure to compress can also lead to an increase in seating pressures and tissue breakdown. In other words weight bearing causes a lot of damage to the area.

 

 

7)    Seating for Pressure Distribution and Postural Support

This is for people who are at risk for development of pressure ulcers benefits from this. A cushion, without a firm base, placed in the seat will eliminate all pain.

Ch.9 Questions

Question # What are the major parts of a hearing aid, and what is the function of each?

 

Answer in your own words: The microphone, amplifier, receiver, and the power supply.

 

Question # What are the four types of hearing aids?

 

Answer in your own words: Behind the ear, in the canal, completely in the canal, in the ear.

 

 

Question #  What is a TTY and why is the Baudot code is used?

 

 

Answer in your own words: Teletype device to help voice over.

 

 

Question #  What are “alerting devices”? For what purposes are they used?

 

Answer in your own words: Sensory devices that makes sounds.

 

 

Question # How are data and power coupled to cochlear implants?

 

Answer in your own words:  It helps identify speech signals.

Ch.9 Glossary of Terms

Accessibility Options – users that can’t hear speech nor sounds (flash screen)

Alerting Devices – hears sounds and causes vibration (doorbells)

Assistive Listening Devices – parts that help individuals hear can be used in group settings (churches)

Captioning – substitutes visual information (texts)

Closed Captioning – captioning that is used in the public (televisions)

Cochlear Implants – (cranial nerve) helps with hearing loss

Environment Sensor – (microphone) the part that receives the speech signal

Hearing Aids – devices that help with sound (ears)

Ch. 8 Questions

Question # What is the WAI?

 

Answer in your own words: Web Accessibility Iniative

 

Question # What is an electronic aid?

 

Answer in your own word: Devices that helps aid individuals that are blind that can replace the long cane and guide dogs.  

 

Question # What is an auditory icon?

 

 

Answer in your own words: Substitution of visual information.

 

 

Question # What are the two basic approaches to sensory aids in terms of the sensory pathway used?

 

Answer in your own words: Closed circuit television and human technology interface.

 

 

Question # What is a Web Browser? What features are necessary in a Web Browser to ensure that people who have disabilities can use it?

 

Answer in your own words: A program that helps individuals seek information. Quality, Accessibility and privacy

 

Ch. 8 Glossary of Terms

Accessibility- where information is available all the time(web)

Accessibility Options – built in program to give an individual options (Windows)

Alternative Mobility Device – when you have to find another way to input information (visual input)

Alternative Sensory System

Braille – device that helps people with visual disabilities read

Clear Path Indicator – provides signals to the person using it

Closed-Circuit Television – information processor that uses a signal (hearing aids)

Digital Audio-Based Information System – scanned information (MPS)

Digital Talking Books – prerecorded information used on word processors

Electronic Travel Aid – aids that can replace the long cane and guide dogs (information processor)

Graphical User Interface – (out for speakers) human interacting with computers

Human/Technology Interface – (user display) portrays the sensory information for the human

Information Processor – (auditory device) it is where the function depends on the aid

Internet – orientation and mobility to information (access to printed materials)

Magnification Aids –low-vision aids for print(enhancing print)

Optical Aids – (hand held magnifier)increase the range of an individual visual field

Optical Character Recognition – (scanning) translation of recognized characters

Orientation and Mobility – loss of information (sensory reading)

Privacy – analyzing information but displayed by using a code

Quality – free online service that allows testing

Reading Aid – (information constrained) information through text or graphics

Refreshable Braille Display – a series of dots that help visual impaired individuals

Screen Readers – output for blind users (sighted information)

Spatial Display –provides direct spatial information

Universal Access – the ability to use information from any control panel

User Agent – software that helps get information from the web

User Display –(human technology) information that is processed

 

Ch. 7 Questions

Question #  What is a selection set?

 

Answer in your own words: It is when items are available from which the user choices are made.

 

Question # What is an on screen keyboard?

 

Answer in your own words: It uses a mouse and you can point to and click it to make choices.

 

 

Question # What is a control enhancer?

 

 

Answer in your own words: It is where you can enlarge the physical control (range) a person has available to use a control interface.

 

 

Question # What are the scanning formats that can be used to accelerate scanning?

 

Answer in your own words: Increasing the speed would be group item, row column, halving, quatering and frequency of use placement.

 

 

Question # What is included in a GIDEI setup?

 

Answer in your own words: The TAB key and the ESC key

Ch. 7 Glossary of Terms

Abbreviation Expansion – making a whole word into something smaller just by using the first few letter

Acceptance Time – activating a control interface (scanning)

Accessibility Options –software in Windows that gives individuals with disabilities the access to use

Activation Characteristics – different things about a control interface(flexibility)

Automatic Scanning – where items are scanned by an adjustable rate

Circular Scanning – done in a circular motion

Code Access – the individual uses a rare sequence of movements(switches)

Command Domain – power wheelchair up and down(set of device functions

Concept Keyboards – keyboards where letters are replaced by pictures to help with what is being taught

Continuous Input –inputs are ongoing devices that are longterm)

Control Enhancers – strategies that help people control a device

Control Interface- (keyboard) It is where the human controls the device.

Digital Recording – where humans voice is stored electronically for a later purpose (tape recorder)

Direct Selection – the individual will be able to choose their own interface(eye, face)

Directed Scanning – where the person is given the choice to scan vertical or hortrizantal

Discrete Inputs- (location on the computer that is fixed and needs no more steps(a set number)

Distributed Control – when more than one device are controlled

Easy Access – address common problems that people with disabilities face(keyboard)

Emulation–(mouse) macro instructions

General Input Device-Emulating – defines the features of a special purpose processor( usage of the delete key)

Interface

Graphical User Interface- entering codes

Group-Item Scanning – scanning copies in multiples

Indirect Selection – where small steps are involved in making a selection( array of switches)

Input Domain- (computer chip) A board that gives off signals and can be long or short term.

Integrated Control – where more than one device is done by one control interface

Inverse Scanning – the scan is done by the individual’s holding and activating a switch until it closed(light switch)

Linear Scan – it is where the selection set is organized by lines(copies made columns)

Multitasking – substitution of keys, scanning arrays(variety of things)

On-Screen Keyboard – keyboard images that uses video(cursor)

Parallel Port – a computer output that sends data(used in printers)

Prosodic Features -

Rate Enhancement – different types of communication approaches made by individuals

Rotary Scanning – organizing in a circular pattern(using a copier)

Row-Column Scanning – group item scanning down in rows by a second switch( acceptance time)

Scanning – information is presented for display(copies)

Selection Methods – making decisions on our own (scanning)

Selection Set – parts that is available in which you can make your own decision (pictures)

Sensory Characteristics – different types of feedback through activation (visual)

Serial Port – a part of the computer that holds information

Spatial Characteristics – (spatial characteristics) The overall physical size and shapes

Speech Synthesis–generation of human speech by usage of electronics (voice command)

Step Scanning – how a user activate an switch (make decisions)

Text-To –Speech Programs – a program that gives individuals the opportunity to send a text through sound

Transparent Access – doing something perfect (full access)

Universal Access – helps a person with and without a disability the access to use a software program (Apple)

USB Port –holds information on devices

Word Completion–shows words displayed on the computer by entering a code

Word Prediction – shows stored words about different words that was entered previously(images of words)

 

Abbreviation Expansion – making a whole word into something smaller just by using the first few letter

Acceptance Time – activating a control interface (scanning)

Accessibility Options –software in Windows that gives individuals with disabilities the access to use

Activation Characteristics – different things about a control interface(flexibility)

Automatic Scanning – where items are scanned by an adjustable rate

Circular Scanning – done in a circular motion

Code Access – the individual uses a rare sequence of movements(switches)

Command Domain – power wheelchair up and down(set of device functions

Concept Keyboards – keyboards where letters are replaced by pictures to help with what is being taught

Continuous Input –inputs are ongoing devices that are longterm)

Control Enhancers – strategies that help people control a device

Control Interface- (keyboard) It is where the human controls the device.

Digital Recording – where humans voice is stored electronically for a later purpose (tape recorder)

Direct Selection – the individual will be able to choose their own interface(eye, face)

Directed Scanning – where the person is given the choice to scan vertical or hortrizantal

Discrete Inputs- (location on the computer that is fixed and needs no more steps(a set number)

Distributed Control – when more than one device are controlled

Easy Access – address common problems that people with disabilities face(keyboard)

Emulation–(mouse) macro instructions

General Input Device-Emulating – defines the features of a special purpose processor( usage of the delete key)

Interface

Graphical User Interface- entering codes

Group-Item Scanning – scanning copies in multiples

Indirect Selection – where small steps are involved in making a selection( array of switches)

Input Domain- (computer chip) A board that gives off signals and can be long or short term.

Integrated Control – where more than one device is done by one control interface

Inverse Scanning – the scan is done by the individual’s holding and activating a switch until it closed(light switch)

Linear Scan – it is where the selection set is organized by lines(copies made columns)

Multitasking – substitution of keys, scanning arrays(variety of things)

On-Screen Keyboard – keyboard images that uses video(cursor)

Parallel Port – a computer output that sends data(used in printers)

Prosodic Features -

Rate Enhancement – different types of communication approaches made by individuals

Rotary Scanning – organizing in a circular pattern(using a copier)

Row-Column Scanning – group item scanning down in rows by a second switch( acceptance time)

Scanning – information is presented for display(copies)

Selection Methods – making decisions on our own (scanning)

Selection Set – parts that is available in which you can make your own decision (pictures)

Sensory Characteristics – different types of feedback through activation (visual)

Serial Port – a part of the computer that holds information

Spatial Characteristics – (spatial characteristics) The overall physical size and shapes

Speech Synthesis–generation of human speech by usage of electronics (voice command)

Step Scanning – how a user activate an switch (make decisions)

Text-To –Speech Programs – a program that gives individuals the opportunity to send a text through sound

Transparent Access – doing something perfect (full access)

Universal Access – helps a person with and without a disability the access to use a software program (Apple)

USB Port –holds information on devices

Word Completion–shows words displayed on the computer by entering a code

Word Prediction – shows stored words about different words that was entered previously(images of words)

Chapter 6 Questions

Question # Describe the three spinal deformities that may occur?

 

Answer in your own words: It is limited mobility, ulcer issues and changes in the skin

 

Question # What is the major cause of pressure ulcer development?

 

Answer in your own words: Weight bearing

 

 

Question # Describe three additional factors that the ATP should consider when designing a seating system?

 

 

Answer in your own words: Understanding the reason why it is needed, human development, and should a doctor see if it’s a need for it and the usage for it.

 

 

Question # What is meant by the center of pressure, and how does it relate to seating and positioning systems?

 

Answer in your own words: It deals with  the sitting and seating part, it also relates to the frontal area.

 

 

Question # What is a honeycomb cushion? What advantages does it have over other approaches?

 

Answer in your own words:It is softer and flexible; and handles moisture.

Glossary of Terms Ch. 6

 

Center of Gravity–The force of the earth pull(change from sitting to standing)

Center of Pressure- monitoring the frontal area (buttocks)

Compression – forces that act toward one another (pushing together)

Dampening – when the tissue in the body gets soft

Density – weight to volume (durability)

Envelopment – when a person sinks into the cushion (buttock is pushed down)

Equilibrium – (balance) concentration off

Fixed Deformity- It is when an individual have long term damage to their ligaments (bone damage)

Force

Frictional Forces – when your body is going away from one another (friction)

Fulcrum – body movement (hips)

Gravitational Line – push on the body (posture)

Linear – lines that are compatible to one another

Line of Application–(pushing or pulling) force of direction

Mobility – helps lean forward (move body parts)

Pelvic Obliquity – when one side of the pelvic is higher (bigger than the other one)

Pelvic - muscle tone (hipbone)
Rotation – moves around the axis (reclining back

Planar- flat parts that helps the body move (support)

Pressure – force applied over the body (heavy force upon the body)

Pressure Ulcer – force that is put upon the tissue in the stomach (sores)

Recovery–when cushion has went to it old shape (beginning state)

Resilience – helps the body get its shape (when parts are uplifted off the body

Rotational – moving around the body

Scoliosis – (spine) disease of the spine

Shearing – when forces are lined up (sliding pass)

Sliding Resistance – (cushion) relates to friction in the body

Stability – helps you stand straight (mobility)

Stability Zone – (deals with balancing) sitting

Stiffness (movement failure) hard to mobilize the body

Stress – (tension) change in the body

Tension – pushing away from one another (force on the spine)

Windswept Hip Deformity- (dislocation) when one hip is out of place

Ch. 5 Pro's and Con's

Public Sources of AT Funding

There are numerous public funding programs that is available to help the people. There are more than 30 programs established in the United States Congress that affects United States residents with disabilities and more than 12 agencies on the federal level that oversees the programs. Medicare is a program that helps individuals 65 and older with medical and help with equipment for them. It is a health insurance program operated by the federal government. Medicaid is a public welfare program whose coverage, benefits, and program helps individuals 21 and younger. One of the general criteria for funding of all Medicaid services is that the requested equipment or service should be considered a medical necessity. There are so many positive things about public funding but the negative thing is what about the individuals without a disability who does not have any medical insurance.

Private Sources of AT Funding

These sources vary by country. Self funding is one type of private funding. It is paid out of pocket by the consumer. Sometimes the out of pocket cost can become a hardship for the individual. A positive thing is that individuals can maybe get a deduction or credit on their taxes and in the United States  and some other countries have low interest loans. There are also private health  insurance programs and is the source of almost 35% of all health expenditures in the United States. Private health insurance is also a potential source for funding assistive technology devices and speech language pathology.

Other Sources of AT Funding

There are other sources that help with funding for individuals with disabilities that do not call themselves public or private fundings. The services are called service clubs, private foundations, and volunteer organizations. These organizations help out in so many ways. Service clubs are more  likely to provide funding if one of their goals is to help certain groups with certain disabilities. The only negative part is that the organizations really benefit themselves to make themselves look good.

Funding Process and Guidelines for Procuring

In order to get funding  for assistive technology devices services, individuals with disabilities must follow the procedures and guidelines established  by each program . A good this that a complicating factor is that consumers can be eligible for multiple sources of funding and some of the same services can be linked to the same funding. Most programs that pay for services and equipment will also pay for repair.

AT Funding

This is known as public, private and tricare insurance programs. These programs benefits help all individuals whether they have no income, low  income or high paying jobs.

Identifying The  AT Funding

In this process consumers will know what programs they are eligible for. If they are eligible for Medicaid, medicare or tricare, they will receive  a wallet card stating their eligibility.

Justifying  Funding for Assistive Technology Services and Devices

This program have something known as third party payers which require adequate documentation and proof of need before they will approve funding or assistive technology services or equipment. When funding is justified and being pursued through a vocational rehabilition agency. It is important that the the written justification must specify why and how the device will enhance the individual.

 

 

 

Ch.5 Questions

Question #  What are the types of personal funding people have.

 

Answer in your own words: Self- funding and private health insurance that is paid for out of pocket

 

Question # What are major categories of funding for assistive technology devices?

 

Answer in your own words:People who need it and can’t afford it, disabled veterans, disabled people, people in work related accidents.

 

 

Question #  Define the term “medical necessity”?

 

 

Answer in your own words: A process in which public and private health insurances must have in order to get services and medicines and treatment paid for.

 

 

Question # What are the steps taken to appeal a funding denial?

 

Answer in your own words: Be persistant,submit all documentation, why was it denied and implementation.

 

 

Question #  Describe the two types of billing codes commonly used in healthcare?

 

Answer in your own words:Diagnosis codes describes the person medical condition and procedure codes describes the services that the doctor said is needed.